The Price of Innocence

As Witch Hunt describes it, the Innocence Project did the research that freed Stoll. There are 50 Innocence Projects in the United States, informally connected. Ridolfi sits on the national board of the project; she also serves on the California Senate Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice.

Ridolfi praises the accuracy of Witch Hunt and says that her own involvement in the Stoll case started when a colleague told her about it: "A lawyer she knew had worked on a few of the companion cases to John Stoll's trial, and this lawyer had gone broke. But in the course of the research, she had interviewed related cases, including some of the accusing boys, who were now grownup men. There are amazing stories. One of the former boys started to cry and brought out a poem he wrote when he was in school, titled 'Who Am I': 'Who am I? / I told a lie / I sent an innocent person to prison.'"

Getting Stoll released was an expensive effort, which makes one wonder how the Innocence Project survives economically in these hard times. "With great difficulty," Ridolfi answers, mentioning a fundraising and awards dinner on April 16 in San Francisco (see Justiceforalldinner.org for details).

"In John's case, we started in 2001," Stoll explains. "In fact, we started right at the same time that California had just begun Section 1405 of the state Penal Code, deciding that a certain amount of money would be set aside for DNA testing. While John's case was going on, California had one of its early budget crises. The state was going broke, while we were in the throes of John's hearing. We were flying people around on our own credit cards and racking up tons of bills.

"I was a public defender for years," Ridolfi continues, "and I really knew what was going on in the trenches. There are just terrible nightmare cases out there. When DNA evidence started being done, people couldn't deny it anymore. Since then the criminal justice system has been turned on its head."

Penn Pal

Sean Penn's name helped get this incredible tale of injustice out from the pack of documentaries. Nachman says, "When we were doing a documentary about the 9/11 victims, one friend of ours said that his friend Sean would be interested in it. We began to realize that 'his friend Sean' was Sean Penn.

"Actually, with our other documentaries, we used no narration. We try not to use it. But for Witch Hunt, we tried to write something Sean Penn would be interested in saying. For about two years, we had heard secondhand 'He's going to do it; I think he's going to do it.' After a while, we got Sean Penn's assistant's number and talked to her once a week."

Nachman continues, "We sent Sean a cut of the film. Of course, right after we sent it, we wished we hadn't sent it because we weren't sure it was perfect. We had to drive up from the South Bay to hear if the film had gone over. And we were late for the appointment. We were caught in traffic on 19th Avenue thinking, Sean Penn is watching our movie right now, and he's going to hate it."

"He's gonna punch us in the face!" Hardy recalls exclaiming. "So we called Sean's assistant, and she was crying, going, 'This is awful!' At first we're thinking, she hates it! But it turns out she was moved to tears by it."

"Ever since then," Nachman adds, "Sean Penn has been the most gracious person to us and to the people in the film. He came up to Toronto to the film festival to show his support. I can't say enough positive things about him."

Nachman and Hardy are especially pleased that the falsely accused Marcella Pitts has come out of the shadows in order to be interviewed for Witch Hunt

Nachman explains that "at the Toronto Film Festival, Marcella Pitts and her daughter turned up. We were so thrilled they were there. ... Marcella and Rick Pitts were interviewed in silhouette in Witch Hunt because they didn't want their faces to be seen. And there Marcella was onstage, fielding questions!"

A Twisted Era

Before we bask in warm feelings about justice done at long last, it's best to consider that a new flare-up of this kind of madness could occur at any time. Take the enthusiastic reception for the fictional film Taken, which asserts that 17-year-old American girls in Paris can be snatched away and auctioned off to slavering Arabs. That sort of willing suspension of belief might be stretched to include organized child-abuse rings and the charges of satanic rites that come out when children are supposedly molested by parties of adults.

The Kern County trials were a part of a twisted era. Hardy has a theory: "There's something about the 1980s that brought it out; the Kern County case was actually before the McMartin [preschool molestation] case, but it seemed like a coincidence. The early 1980s were the beginnings of 24-hour news networks. This started more coverage of these cases. And then the real-life Atlanta child murders popularized the idea."

Frances Hill, an expert on the Salem witch trials and author of A Delusion of Satan, says, "It was caused by the combination of social workers' growing fear of child abuse, with evangelical Christians' terror of satanism ... [There was] fear and disapproval of women's growing independence and willingness to put their children in day care while they worked outside the home. Debbie Nathan and Michael Snedeker's book Satan's Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt argues this point with great force and credibility. "Thankfully, there are no longer any trials taking place of people charged with satanic abuse, as far as I'm aware; the epidemic has run its course. But I believe there are still some innocent people in prison, falsely convicted in the '80s and '90s."

The ritual child abuse cases of the 1980s are mostly forgotten today. True-life books helped spread the fear. It is claimed that Victoria, British Columbia, was the first hotbed of satanic cult and child torture rumors. In the internationally famous Michelle Remembers by Lawrence Pazder and his patient Michelle Smith, the authors claimed that satanists were holding black masses in a suburban Victoria cemetery during the mid-1950s.

Less known is Dr. Beatrice Sparks' even earlier book, Jay's Journal (1979). The author of Go Ask Alice presented what was purportedly a teen suicide diary, rich with kitten sacrifice, voodoo wanga and severed bull pizzles, all taking place somewhere in America's Great Basin. That Jay's Journal, like Go Ask Alice, was actually fiction, was only revealed in tiny print on the book's copyright page.

Satan's Underground: The Extraordinary Story of One Woman's Escape by Lauren Stratford was a later account of cults at large. At the end of her book, Stratford mentions the Kern County case as an example of satanist child abuse. Stratford takes out of context a part of Van de Kamp's report. There, the state district attorney described the badly collected evidence. In Stratford's view, this doesn't exonerate the defendants. Rather, she writes, "Many ritually abused children will probably continue to suffer abuse because they were not believed."

Unprovable but wildly believed rumors of satanic child abuse spread over the United States in the 1980s. For six years, Los Angeles County tried to press more than 200 counts of child molestation against the family-run McMartin preschool in Manhattan Beach. Michelle Remembers authors Pazder and Smith met with the children, who were accusing their teachers of strange rituals, sex with giraffes, scary hot-air balloon rides and travels down toilets into secret catacombs.

In Maplewood, N.J., the testimony of children sent a teacher to jail for allegedly baking excrement pastries and instigating nude games of "Duck, Duck, Goose." In Malden, Mass. (not very far from the real Salem), children told tales of a mysterious clown who did things to them. Local television and newspapers tended to report the district attorneys' sides of these cases. On national television, Geraldo Rivera assured his audience in 1987 that there were more than 1 million satanists in America.

FBI Agent Kenneth V. Lanning studied satanic ritual abuse for years. His labors could be summed up in one sentence, coming from a parent he interviewed: "I believe what my child needs me to believe."

At the end of years of fruitless search, Lanning notes that "poorly documented or misleading claims about one in three children being sexually molested, the $5 billion child pornography industry, child slavery rings and 50,000 stranger-abducted children are not uncommon."

The Innocence Project's Ridolfi says, "There wasn't anything in particular about the 1980s. These kind of things happen all the time. All through history are various outbreaks of this kind of hysteria, based on lack of education and fear. The only other thing specific to the time was a lot of ignorance about interviewing techniques with children of suspected molestation. In a lot of these cases, the interviews were not done in the correct way."

Dana says, "I have a 3-1/2-year-old daughter, and the truth is that you can make a 3-1/2-year-old say anything."

Hardy finishes, "People want to know how this can never happen again, and it motivates people to be a part of the solution. At screenings of Witch Hunt, we've been approached by people who work in day care. They say, 'You've articulated our fears—you don't know where it's going to come from, and as soon as the allegation is made, you're in big trouble.'"

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